Runoff and water resources
Runoff and water resources
In this chapter we continue to investigate the hydrologic cycle. Chapter 10 dealt with a phase of the hydrologic in which soil water is recharged by precipitation and returned directly to the atmosphere by Evapotranspiration. Recall that many soil-water budgets show a substantial water surplus, to be disposed as runoff. Our investigation now that water surplus and the paths it follows as subsurface water and surface water.
There are two basic paths of escape for surplus water. First, surplus water may percolate through the soil, traveling downward under the force of gravity to become part of the underlying ground water body. Following subterranean flow paths, this water emerges to become surface water, or it may emerge directly in the shore zone of the ocean. Second, surplus water may flow over the ground surface as runoff to lower levels, as is travels, the dispersed flow becomes collected into streams, which eventually conduct the runoff to the ocean. In this chapter, we trace both the subsurface and surface pathways of flow of surplus water. In so doing, we will complete the hydrology cycle
Sumber daya aliran permukaan dan air
Di bab ini kita berlanjut menyelidiki hydrologic berulang. Bab 10 dealt dengan satu tahap dari hydrologic dimana tanah air disetrum kembali oleh pengendapan dan mengembalikan secara langsung ke atmosfer oleh Evapotranspiration. Ingat bahwa beberapa anggaran keuangan air tanah memperlihatkan satu surplus air substansiil, untuk ditempatkan seperti aliran permukaan. Investigasi kita sekarang air itu surplus dan alur ini mengikuti sebagai air di bawah permukaan tanah dan air permukaan.
Ada dua alur dasar dari lepas untuk air surplus. Pertama, air surplus mungkin menyaring melalui tanah, mengarah ke bawah yang bepergian pada kekuatan dari daya berat untuk menjadi bagian dari air tanah dasar tubuh. Mengikuti alur aliran di bawah tanah, air ini memuncul jadi air permukaan, atau ini mungkin memuncul secara langsung pada zona pantai dari lautan. Kedua, air surplus mungkin mengalir berlalu permukaan halus seperti aliran permukaan untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah, seperti halnya bepergian, aliran dispersi menjadi mengumpulkan ke dalam aliran, yang padahal kendali aliran permukaan ke lautan. Di bab ini, kita melacak keduanya jalan kecil di bawah permukaan tanah dan permukaan dari aliran dari air surplus. Di sangat melakukan, kita akan melengkapi siklus ilmu tata air
Surplus water, as runoff, is a vital part of the environment of terrestrial life forms and of man in particular. Surface water in the form of streams, river, ponds, and lakes constitutes one of the distinctive environment of plants and als.
Our heavily industrialized society requires enormous supplies of fresh water for its sustained operation. Urban dwellers consume water in their homes at rates of 150 to 400 liters (40 to 100 gallons) per person per day. Enormous quantities of water are used for cooling purpose in air conditioning units and power plants.
In view of projection based on exiting rates of increase as pulations grow and urbanization advances over broader areas. A disconcerting concept is that the available resource of pure fresh water is shrinking while demands are rising. Knowledge of hydrologic processes enables us to evaluate the total water resource, to plan for its management, and to protect it from pollution.
Ground water
Ground water is that part of the subsurface water that fully
